Basic throat pain or irritation, which may be made worse by swallowing, is known as a sore throat. While many sore throats clear up quickly with the use of prescription medications or over-the-counter remedies, a chronic or persistent sore throat can last for weeks or months. There are a variety of issues that can cause a chronic sore throat, including — but not limited to — smoking, throat tumors, allergies and chronic illnesses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Cigarettes have chemicals in them that can cause throat irritation. Regular smokers may develop a persistent sore throat as a result of inflammation from these substances. People who live with smokers or spend a lot of time around smokers also may be at risk.
A person who has a persistent sore throat and is not finding relief should seek medical attention, especially if he or she notices a lump in the throat or neck. A long-term sore throat combined with a neck lump can be a sign of throat cancer. A medical professional can do a biopsy to see if the tumor is cancerous or if there is another condition causing the symptoms.
Common allergens also can cause a persistent sore throat. Household mold is one allergen known to cause long-term sore throats. Even if mold is not visible in a home, it can be hidden in vents and behind walls. If a patient notices that his or her sore throat symptoms are worse at night and better when long periods of time are spent outside of the house, mold may be the culprit.
Serious conditions also can cause a person to have a persistent sore throat. HIV causes an infected patient to have a compromised immune system. Having an impaired immune system makes HIV patients more prone to catching viruses and infections, both of which can lead to sore throat pain. Patients infected with HIV also have a high risk for oral thrush, which is a yeast infection of the mouth. Left untreated, thrush can cause a sore throat as a side effect.
Simple lifestyle changes can help to make a difference in the lives of people who have chronic sore throats. Allergy suffers should do their best to avoid allergy triggers and take medications as directed by a doctor during allergy season. People should avoid being exposed to tobacco smoke to prevent throat irritation. Smokers should consider speaking to a healthcare provider to get the support needed to quit.