There are two categories of severe menstruation cramps, which are known medically as dysmenorrhea. The first category is referred to as primary dysmenorrhea and includes menstrual cramps that are the result of strong uterine contractions that tend to occur in women who have not had children. Painful cramps that are related to disease comprise the second category, known as secondary dysmenorrhea. These cramps are usually connected to medical conditions such as uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometriosis.
Primary dysmenorrhea results when the uterus contracts sharply enough to disrupt the flow of blood in vessels near its vicinity. Pain occurs when the uterus is deprived of oxygen due to the temporary lack of blood supply. Though the uterus contracts during normal menstruation, women don't always feel the contractions. Women who haven't had children are more likely to experience severe menstruation cramps, and these tend to lessen or might go away entirely after a woman has had a baby. The aging process can sometimes have a mitigating effect on severe cramps, rendering menstrual periods less painful.
Abnormal menstruation occurs with secondary dysmenorrhea, which is related to disorders of the female reproductive system. Cramps connected with disease tend to persist longer than do cramps that result from primary dysmenorrhea. Uterine fibroids cause severe menstruation cramps because they grow inside the wall of the uterus and interfere with its contractions. PID is the result of infection that attacks the reproductive system and causes menstrual pain. Another disease that causes abnormal menstruation is endometriosis, in which uterine tissue grows on other bodily structures, usually on reproductive organs but sometimes on the pelvic lining.
Severe menstruation cramps can be caused by the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) as birth control. Overproduction of prostaglandins can play a part in painful menstruation. Prostaglandins cause the uterus to contract, but they can also contribute to inflammation. Thyroid problems can exacerbate both premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and severe cramps.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often recommended for treating cramps. They are available either over the counter or by prescription from a medical professional. Some women find relief from severe menstruation cramps by taking birth control pills, which prevent ovulation from occurring.
Natural remedies for menstrual cramps can be as effective as medication. A regular exercise routine will help mitigate cramps. Women experiencing severe menstruation cramps might find relief through use of a heating pad. Massage of the lower back can help relieve the pain, and warm baths can also be soothing.