The emergence of drug resistance in several major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, bacterial infections, and diarrheal diseases, began to be recognized as a global threat in the 1990s. At the end of the 1990s, drug resistance in a variety of infectious diseases also began to make front page news, making citizens more aware of the problem and suggesting several reasons for the root cause of drug resistance. Drug resistance happens when a microbe evolves a protective defense against a medical treatment, and therefore requires a different treatment approach.
To some extent, drug resistance is a natural step in microbial evolution, with many infectious diseases being highly adaptable and easily capable of mutating into new and sometimes dangerous forms. However, human behaviors have rapidly accelerated the pace of drug resistance. Several nations are facing public health crises as a result, with many microbes being resistant to multiple types of drug. Multi-drug resistance strains of infectious disease are a serious problem, and have been found in every corner of the world from spotless American hospitals to the decaying clinics of Russia.
Drug resistance is caused by exposure to low levels of an antibiotic or treatment. As a result, most of the infection-causing microbe is killed off, but not all of it. The remaining microbes have some natural immunity to the medication, and without competition from their easily killed brethren they can take over, expanding the infection and spreading it to other individuals. When the first line of antibiotic defense fails, doctors are forced to prescribe another drug, which is usually more expensive. If resistance evolves to this drug, yet another will be prescribed. In some cases, microbes have evolved beyond the abilities of medicine, resulting in a deadly infection.
The most common cause of drug resistance in the first world is through treatment of animals with antibiotics. Most animals produced for food are farmed in feedlots, where close quarters and exposure to large numbers of animals increase the possibility of infection. As a result, feed animals are given prophylactic antibiotics, which are often haphazardly applied. Many farmers are actually breeding drug-resistant bacteria which gets packaged and sold along with the meat, and passed along to consumers.
Drug resistance is also caused by failing to complete a course of antibiotics, and over prescription of antibiotics. When seeking medical attention for an infection, always make sure that antibiotics are appropriate. Patients should always finish the course of prescribed medication, even if they start feeling better. Especially in the first world, antibiotics are heavily and often unnecessarily prescribed. Some citizens purchase antibiotics illegally and use them incorrectly to treat minor infections that could easily be fought off by the immune system.
In other parts of the world, drug resistance is caused by unreliable access to drugs, paired with incomplete courses. Patients may switch between several different antibiotics over the course of a treatment, effectively creating a new and multi-drug resistant infection that can be easily passed to others, especially in a hospital or clinic environment. In many instances, patients will purchase black market drugs which are not clearly identified and may have impurities or unsafe ingredients.
Drug resistance in a serious problem, and several organizations such as the World Health Organization have recognized the need to implement more concrete drug protocols and to pair them with access to reliable, safe drugs globally. At the turn of the twenty-first century, for example, 100% of the world's tuberculosis was resistant to at least one drug, and an astounding 25% of tuberculosis strains were resistant to four or more drugs. Antibiotic drugs should not be used without the supervision of a medical professional, and should always be used as directed, to prevent contributing to the rise of drug resistant microbes.
