Bronchospasm is a constriction or spasm of the bronchi. The bronchi refers to the two tubes that branch from the trachea to the lungs. Typically, bronchospasm occurs in people of any age, however, it can be especially ominous in infants. Generally, bronchospasm is experienced more frequently in those who suffer from asthma and bronchitis. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, however, many available treatments offer rapid and dramatic relief.
Generally, causes include asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis. In addition, severe allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock can induce acute bronchospasm. Sometimes, lung irritants such as chemicals, dust, and smoke can aggravate an already twitchy airway, and cause symptoms. In certain individuals, infections, exercise, and emotional stress can contribute to an episode. Exercise-induced asthma is a common medical condition, and if left untreated can contribute to an acute spasm of the bronchi.
Typically, symptoms include intense coughing, an increase in the production of mucus— which often becomes sticky and thick — and difficulty expectorating mucus from the lungs. In addition, trouble breathing, shortness of breath, and wheezing may occur. Sometimes, patients will experience chest pain and extreme anxiety. The respiration rate can sometimes increase to compensate for the inability to get air in and out of the lungs.
Usually, bronchospasm treatment includes bronchodilator medications that open up the airway, allowing for easier breathing. These medications are typically fast acting and generally begin to alleviate symptoms in about ten minutes. Bronchodilators work by relaxing the muscles of the airway and opening them up. Medications for acute spasms can be delivered via inhalation, orally, or by injection.
Sometimes intervention may be able to prevent an acute spasm from taking place. Identifying potential irritants or allergens that can trigger an attack can help reduce the frequency. In addition, because asthma is a common cause of bronchial spasms, taking prescribed asthma medications may stave off attacks. Sometimes the physician may prescribe anti-inflammatory medications as an ongoing treatment plan in an effort to keep bronchial swelling to a minimum.
Frequently, anxiety can exacerbate acute spasms of the respiratory system. This can cause hyperventilation and promote an increase in shortness of breath. In some cases, the physician may prescribe anti-anxiety medications to those who may be anxious in an effort to reduce nervousness and resultant shortness of breath. Severe episodes of acute bronchial spasms can be life-threatening and may require emergency medical evaluation and subsequent treatment.