Aldosterone is a vital hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It provides balance for the body's levels of potassium and sodium. If the levels of aldosterone become unbalanced, a disease known as aldosteronism can result.
Primary aldosteronism is the condition in which the adrenal glands create too much of the hormone. This is often caused by a tumor within the gland, also known as Conn's syndrome. Such tumors are normally benign. Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, a disorder in which both adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone, may also cause primary aldosteronism. The cause of this disorder is unknown.
Secondary aldosteronism results when elevated aldosterone is caused by something other than the adrenal glands. These causes could be attributed to liver failure, dehydration, congestive heart failure, or kidney disease. Some medications could also be responsible, such as fludrocortisone or diuretic drugs.
The occurrence of aldosteronism has become more and more common, and is thought to be the cause of high blood pressure and aldosterone hypertension in many patients. Results can include the loss of potassium as well as the retention of sodium. When this occurs, the body begins to retain water, ensuing both high blood volume and high blood pressure.
Symptoms of the condition include high blood pressure, nausea, weakness, frequent urination, muscle spasms, cramping, and constipation. It is also possible for a patient to have no symptoms. A diagnosis can be made by measuring the aldosterone levels within the blood and the urine. To determine which type of aldosteronism is present, a plasma renin activity test may also be conducted. If the primary condition is present, an endocrinologist will be needed for further analysis and treatment planning.
If left untreated, several complications can occur. Patients can be susceptible to heart failure and heart attacks. Left ventricular hypertrophy, or an enlargement of part of the heart, can occur, as well as kidney disease or failure. Hypertension caused by excess aldosterone can result in heart disease or stroke later in life. Arrhythmias, though rare, can also develop, as well as paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
To treat aldosteronism, a physician may prescribe a medication. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and a cessation of smoking, may be needed. In severe cases, such as when Conn's syndrome proves to be malignant, a patient may require surgery. If the cause of the condition is discovered to be bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, the adrenal glands may be removed if medication does not provide relief.
