An adenovirus is a virus in the Adenoviridae family. These viruses are abundantly common around the world, with over 50 identified serotypes which can cause a range of infections. Many healthy people carry a harmless adenovirus or two with them, and the virulent forms of these viruses are highly contagious, spreading rapidly from person to person once someone becomes infected. Infection with these viruses is most common in children, although adults in crowded situations like colleges and military barracks are subject to infection as well.
In many cases, adenovirus infection causes an infection of the respiratory tract. These viruses can also cause conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, encephalitis, cystitis, pneumonia, and chronic interstitial fibrosis, among other things. Patients may feel nausea or fatigue, and they may experience coughing, diarrhea, and difficulty urinating, depending on the nature of the infection. Frequently, the infection appears bacterial in nature at first, and when the infection does not respond to antibiotics, a doctor may take a sample to look for signs of adenovirus.
People can catch these viruses through airborne particles from coughs and sneezes, and by handling things which have been touched by someone who carries an adenovirus. Once the virus gets on the hands, it can enter the eyes or nose when these areas are touched, or it can be ingested, causing gastroenteritis. Infected individuals may also pass the virus through poor food handling which exposes people to the virus.
There is no specific treatment for adenovirus infection. Often, patients recover on their own, with some supportive hydration. Sometimes, a patient becomes severely dehydrated, and hospitalization is necessary. In rare cases, a patient may become sick enough to die or to require more drastic medical interventions. Deadly cases are more common in people with compromised immune systems and in people living in stressed, crowded environments.
These viruses were first recognized in 1953 in tissue from the adenoids, which is why they are known as adenoviruses. In some regions, vaccinations against specific serotypes are available, and these may be recommended for people who live or work in crowded environments. Since adenovirus infection is usually not terribly dangerous, and many people acquire immunities at a young age, vaccinations are not necessary in most cases, but a doctor may have specific recommendations for a particular patient. People should note that the best way to avoid infection is to wash the hands regularly, and to avoid touching the face with unwashed hands.